Common age-related diseases: We give tips on how to prevent them

Aug 28
7 min read

Age brings many gifts: wisdom, experience, and the opportunity to enjoy life to the fullest. But at the same time, the risk of various diseases also increases. Like a Pandora's box opened at the behest of the gods, various health challenges can present themselves in old age.

Confronting these "plagues" can be frightening. But with the right knowledge and proactive action, you can significantly improve your quality of life in old age.

Because aging doesn't necessarily mean illness. This article offers numerous strategies and tips to help you understand common illnesses in old age and effectively prevent them.

The global importance of health in old age is underscored by the Global Burden of Disease study, which measures the burden of disease worldwide [3] . We want to help you take control of your health and lead a fulfilling life in old age.

Healthy aging – How to combat age-related diseases

The reality of aging: health aspects in focus

Aging is a natural process that involves a variety of changes in the body. Cells regenerate more slowly, organ function declines, and the immune system weakens. These natural changes make us more susceptible to disease.

The good news is: Many of these diseases can be delayed or even avoided entirely through a healthy lifestyle and targeted prevention. Regular endurance training can strengthen the cardiovascular system. For example, 30 minutes of brisk walking three times a week helps reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke. Studies show that even moderate physical activity significantly improves health.

Why prevention and proactive action are important

Prevention is the key to a healthy and active old age. The earlier you start with preventative measures, the greater the chances of maintaining quality of life in the long term. It's about preventing these "plagues" from occurring in the first place or slowing their progression.

One example of this is the enormous costs incurred by illnesses in the German healthcare system. In 2023, the costs amounted to 491.6 billion euros. Cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders accounted for a large portion of this.

Prevention can reduce these costs while simultaneously improving individual well-being. A study by the Robert Koch Institute has shown that preventive measures such as vaccinations and early testing can save significant healthcare costs.

Practical tips for a healthier and more fulfilling life in old age

This article will help you better understand the most common age-related diseases. It will give you concrete tips on how you can actively promote your health. We'll provide you with a comprehensive overview of the most important ways to prevent problems.

This includes nutrition, exercise, and mental methods. We'll also show you how to successfully master the challenges of aging. Our goal is to give you the knowledge and motivation to become active and take your health into your own hands.

Chapter 1: Focus on eyes and ears – Maintaining sight and hearing

Vision in Transition: Age-Related Changes in the Eyes

With age, the structure of the eye changes. The lens loses elasticity, the retina thins, and tear production decreases. These changes can lead to various vision problems. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one example of such a change, in which central visual acuity declines.

Due to the loss of photoreceptors in the center of the retina, reading and recognizing faces becomes increasingly difficult.

Common vision problems in old age (e.g. macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataracts) – signs and risk factors

The most common vision problems in old age include macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataracts. Macular degeneration affects the central part of the retina and leads to a deterioration in visual acuity. Glaucoma is a disease of the optic nerve that, if left untreated, can lead to blindness.

Cataracts, on the other hand, are characterized by clouding of the lens of the eye. Smoking, high blood pressure, and certain genetic factors are risk factors for these diseases. Increased intraocular pressure is a key feature of glaucoma and can damage the optic nerve.

The importance of hearing: communication and quality of life

Hearing is essential for communication and social interaction. Hearing loss can lead to isolation and loneliness, significantly impairing quality of life. Studies show that people with untreated hearing loss have an increased risk of dementia and depression . Hearing problems make participation in social life more difficult, which can lead to withdrawal and loneliness.

Hearing loss in old age: causes, detection and coping strategies

Age-related hearing loss can occur with age, caused by the wear and tear of the hair cells in the inner ear. Noise exposure, certain medications, and chronic illnesses can further accelerate hearing loss. Regular hearing tests are important for early detection of hearing loss and the implementation of appropriate measures. A hearing test by an ENT doctor or audiologist can provide information about the extent of the hearing loss.

Practical tips for preserving vision and hearing

Regular eye and ear examinations are essential. A balanced diet, avoiding smoking, and avoiding noise can help preserve your eyesight and hearing. Protecting yourself from UV radiation by wearing sunglasses with UV protection is important to protect your eyes from damage. A diet rich in antioxidants, such as those found in fruits and vegetables, can also contribute to eye health.

Tools and support options

For vision and hearing problems, there are numerous aids available, such as glasses, hearing aids, and special magnifying glasses. Self-help groups and counseling centers can also offer valuable support. Modern hearing aids are now very small and unobtrusive, offering significant hearing improvement. There are also special hearing aids that can be connected directly to a smartphone.

Chapter 2: Keeping joints fit – osteoarthritis and other

Understanding movement disorders

Movement is life: The importance of healthy joints

Healthy joints are a prerequisite for mobility and independence. They enable us to perform everyday tasks and lead an active life. The ability to move freely and pain-free is essential for participating in social life and maintaining independence in old age. Mobility limitations can lead to social isolation and psychological stress.

Osteoarthritis: Causes, symptoms and how to recognize it

Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease, affecting 7.19% of the population aged 20 and older in Germany [4] . It is caused by the wear and tear of the joint cartilage and leads to pain, stiffness, and restricted mobility. Typical symptoms include morning stiffness, pain during exercise, and grinding noises in the joint. Early diagnosis is important to positively influence the course of the disease.

Differences to other joint diseases (e.g. a brief reference to rheumatoid arthritis)

Unlike osteoarthritis, which is caused by wear and tear, rheumatoid arthritis is an inflammatory autoimmune disease. In this disease, the immune system attacks the joints, leading to chronic pain and swelling.

Rheumatoid arthritis more commonly affects smaller joints such as fingers and toes and occurs in relapses. It can lead to joint deformities if not treated early and adequately.

Preventive measures to strengthen bones and joints

Regular exercise can strengthen bones and joints. A balanced diet with sufficient calcium and vitamin D also helps. Obesity should be avoided. Strength training and targeted muscle training can stabilize joints and reduce the risk of osteoarthritis. Adequate calcium intake can be ensured by consuming dairy products, green vegetables, and nuts.

Tips for relieving joint pain and improving mobility

Heat treatments, physical therapy, and gentle exercise such as swimming or cycling can relieve joint pain. They also help improve mobility. Regular stretching exercises increase joint flexibility and can reduce pain. Many patients also find acupuncture and massages soothing.

Role of exercise, nutrition and, where appropriate, vitamin D for joint health

Exercise strengthens the muscles that support the joints. A balanced diet provides the body with important nutrients for cartilage development. Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and bone health. This is especially true for osteoporosis. Osteoporosis affects 6.1% of the German population and 22.6% of women over 50 [8] . Vitamin D can be produced through sunlight.

It can also be obtained through food or supplements. Supplementing with vitamin D can be particularly beneficial during the winter months.

When medication is indicated: Overview of treatment options

For severe joint pain, painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs can be used. Doctors use special medications called basic therapies.

These medications affect the immune system in rheumatoid arthritis. In advanced stages of osteoarthritis, joint replacement may be necessary. The choice of appropriate therapy depends on the individual patient's situation and the severity of the disease.

Chapter 3: Metabolism in Balance – Diabetes and its Prevention

Sugar metabolism in old age: What happens and why is it important?

With age, sugar metabolism changes. Cells become less sensitive to insulin, which can lead to an increase in blood sugar levels . This is partly due to decreasing muscle mass and increasing insulin resistance. A healthy sugar metabolism is important. It ensures that the body gets enough energy and prevents the long-term effects of diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus type 2: risk factors, signs and the danger of long-term consequences

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases in old age. In Germany, 8.9 million people are affected, with an unreported number of 2 million [2] . Obesity, lack of exercise, and certain genetic factors increase the risk. Signs of diabetes include constant thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.

If left untreated, diabetes can lead to serious long-term complications such as cardiovascular disease and nerve damage. Nerve damage can cause numbness in the feet and legs (diabetic neuropathy).

The role of diet and exercise in diabetes prevention

A healthy diet and regular exercise are the most important measures for preventing diabetes. Studies show that moderate weight loss can significantly reduce the risk of diabetes. Regular physical activity improves the cells' insulin sensitivity.

Practical nutritional tips for stable blood sugar levels

A high-fiber diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains helps keep blood sugar levels stable. Avoid sugary drinks and highly processed foods. Eating foods with a low glycemic index (GI) ensures a slower rise in blood sugar levels.

Exercise recommendations to strengthen metabolism

Regular physical activity, such as 30 minutes of brisk walking a day, improves insulin sensitivity and boosts metabolism. Strength training is also recommended, as it promotes muscle building and thus positively influences sugar metabolism.

The importance of vitamin D in the context of metabolism

Vitamin D plays an important role in metabolism and can reduce the risk of diabetes. Studies suggest that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with an increased risk of diabetes. You can get enough vitamin D through sunlight, food, or supplements.

Chapter 4: Protecting the Airways – Understanding Chronic Lung Diseases

Breathing is life: Maintaining healthy lungs in old age

Healthy lungs are essential for the body's oxygen supply. Lung function declines with age, increasing susceptibility to respiratory diseases. The elasticity of lung tissue decreases, and respiratory muscles weaken. Chronic lung diseases such as COPD can significantly impair quality of life. Regular breathing exercises can help maintain lung function and strengthen the respiratory muscles.